Graaff
Nuclear analytic methods have been developed and extensively used in The Department of Nuclear Physics (Academy of Science of Czech republic) since the early 60s of last century. In particular, neutron activating analysis and prompt methods of analysis with charged particles beam and beam of neutrons was handled. During the past period several analytic methods were innovated, practical experience of their application was obtained and collaboration with many Czech and foreign scientific enterprises and organizations was set.
The beam of the accelerated ions is applied for the surface modification of solids and for the analysis of their composition and structure. These methods have several unique characteristics which couldn't be substituted for other alternative approaches. In the Department of Nuclear Physics AS CR (UJF) we use Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator on these purposes. In the last 10 years several equipments for analytical methods were assembled, such as: PIXE, RBS, ERDA, PIGE, NRM. Group of Nuclear Analytic Methods systematically partake in the study of synthesizing, structure and properties of advanced materials for microelectronic, optic, optoelectronic, cryogenic and materials with exclusive properties (microhardness, chemical resistance, biocompatibility, etc.). Surface structures and systems prepared in cooperation with Czech and foreign institutes by different methods (epitaxial grow, Czochralsky's method, ion implantation, deposition of plasma polymer, CVD, PCVD, magnetron sputtering, etc.) are analyzed in our laboratory with different "Analytical methods".
The Van de Graaff machine was designed by an American physicist Robert Jemison Van de Graaff (1901-1967).
Here a continually moving belt of insulating material runs between two pulleys which are separated by an insulated column. The lower pulley is earthed and attached to. The pulley is a sharp metallic comb which is maintained at a potential difference of a few kV between itself and the pulley. A high electric field is produced at the time of the comb. The electrical discharge occurs through the belt from the comb to the pulley, removing electrons from the belt, making it positively charged. The belt carries the charge up to the top pulley which is inside a large ball shaped metal electrode. The electrode then gets an increasing positive charge with correspondingly high electric potential. The voltage rises rapidly until an equilibrium is established where the rate of loss of negative charge balances the positive charge currently carried by the moving belt. In this way, the Van de Graaff machine can reach very high electric potentials of a few million volts.
In a Van de Graaff accelerator, the high electric potential is coupled to an accelerating tube. At it's top there is an ion source that produces the particles to be accelerated. The maximum accelerating potential is limited by breakdown across the accelerating tube and charge leakage from the high voltage electrode. However, with careful design, Van de Graaff accelerators operating at accelerating potentials in excess of 25 MV have been built.
Pictures are bordered with colored border. Pictures corresponds to Van de Graaff part in scheme with same color.
