Neutrino mass measurement
Neutrinos are the most numerous massive particles in the Universe. The oscillation experiments proved that the neutrinos created in weak interaction processes are a quantum superposition of three neutrino states with the masses m1, m2, and m3. The experiments also proved that the mass of at least one of these states is larger than 0.05 eV. Precision measurements of the uppermost part of the tritium beta spectrum yielded the upper bound of the electron antineutrino mass mν < 2 eV. This is a model-independent result relying only on the laws of energy and momentum conservation. Cosmological observations provide the sum m1 + m2 + m3 < 0.7 eV but substantially larger or smaller values can be obtained depending on applied models and data sets. Assuming that the neutrinoless double-beta decay exists in Nature, the measurement of its half-life can also be used to estimate the neutrino mass. The result, however, strongly depends on predictions of nuclear models.
Aiming to bring the measurement of the tritium beta spectrum to current technological limits, the international project KATRIN (the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment, http://www.katrin.kit.edu) was founded in 2001. The founding members are physicists from Germany, Russia, the USA, and the NPI of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The experiment strives for a tenfold improvement in the neutrino mass sensitivity up to 0.2 eV. Compared with the best previous experiments, this requires that the intensity of beta particles is increased by a factor of one hundred and energy resolution improved five times while keeping the lowest possible background.
The KATRIN measuring complex is installed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), which enables the use of the unique tritium laboratory of this institute. The laboratory supplies the gaseous molecular tritium into a 16-m-long, windowless tritium source that with its five hundred sensors is the most complex cryostat built up to now. The temperature in the cryostat is set to -243 °C and it is stabilized to ±0.03 °C. The tritium source provides 1011 beta particles per second. They are guided through the apparatus by almost thirty superconducting magnets.
The energy analysis of beta particles is carried out by an electrostatic retardation spectrometer with adiabatic magnetic collimation (the MAC-E-filter). This principle allows analyzing 18% of beta particles emitted into the full solid angle with the outstanding resolution of 0.93 eV at 18.6 keV. To achieve these parameters, the size of the main spectrometer had to be enlarged to 23 m in length and 10 m in diameter. The spectrum is taken point-by-point by stepwise changes of the retarding voltage in the region of 18.6 kV that has to be stabilized with a relative precision of ±3x10-6.
The low-energy part of the beta spectrum that carries no information about the neutrino mass is removed by a smaller pre-spectrometer of the same type. An integral part of the KATRIN complex is a monitoring spectrometer that independently checks the energy scale stability of the main spectrometer by continuous measurement of an appropriate conversion electron line (Fig. 1.). At the end of the 70-m-long KATRIN complex, there is a circular semiconductor detector of electrons composed of 148 independent pixels.
Fig. 1. The spectrum of monoenergetic electrons emitted from the K atomic shell of gaseous krypton in internal conversion of the 32 keV nuclear transition in 83mKr and measured with the KATRIN main spectrometer. A function, the integral of which describes the expected shape of the spectrum, is shown by dashed line. The statistically reliable fit is depicted by the full line.
In the frame of the KATRIN project, we are responsible for checking the stability of the main spectrometer energy scale as well as for the verification of the operation of the whole system, in particular that of the tritium source. To achieve this goal we have developed radioactive sources of monoenergetic conversion electrons that are based on the decay chain 83Rb/83mKr/83Kr. The sources are of two types: a solid source with outstanding electron energy stability of 0.5 ppm/month for the monitoring spectrometer and a gaseous source with activity of 10 GBq for other purposes. Required 83Rb is produced with the cyclotron of our Institute. The first tests of KATRIN utilizing these sources were accomplished in July 2017. Using the gaseous mixture of 99 % of deuterium and 1 % of tritium, the whole system was examined in 2018. Data from the first five measurement campaigns with tritium from 2019-2021 allowed for setting the new upper bound of neutrino mass to 0.45 eV on the 90 % confidence level. The full sensitivity of 0.2 eV should be achieved after 1000 measuring days, i.e. within five calendar years.
Fig. 2. Energy spectrum of electrons from the radioactive decay of tritium measured for 521 hours. The error bar of each of the measured points is increased by a factor of 50 for clarity. The full line describes an expected spectrum shape in the case of zero neutrino mass.
An interview (in Czech language) about the Czech road to KATRIN can be found here.
An article (in Czech language) by Vladimír Wagner on the first scientific result of KATRIN, including a report of the ČT24 TV channel from September 23, 2019, can be found here.
A radio spot (in Czech language) on electron spectroscopy and the NPI of the CAS participation in the KATRIN project can be found here.
Scientists
- Mgr. Drahoslav Vénos, CSc. (Head of the group)
- doc. Ing. Ondřej Lebeda, Ph.D.
- Ing. Otokar Dragoun, DrSc. (Emeritus researcher)
Contact person
- Mgr. Drahoslav Vénos, CSc. (venos@ujf.cas.cz)